The Impact Of Entrepreneurial Features In Pakistan - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1466 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Economics Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? The Impact Of Entrepreneurial Features In Pakistan The Small and Medium Enterprises (SME) play a very significant part in the success development of any economy. Agreeing to the SME policy 2007, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“SME sector is the backbone of Pakistanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Economyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Globally, this sector is the major growing force behind the fastest developing economy of China, in term of contribution to the national GDP, scale of assets, diversification of products and the creation of work. Likewise, the role of SME is well acknowledged in the other countries such as Japan Korea, and all other industrialized economies in terms of economic growthà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Hand Book on Islamic SME Financing Islamic Banking Department, State Bank of Pakistan, 2009). On that point are some hidden and apparent obstacles in the way of maturation of minor and medium enterprises in Pakistan as pointed out in the SME Policy development-2007; the poo r national performance on the Human Development Index of the UN has its issues for SMEs in Pakistan. These include short and genetic education and insufficient, poorly focused and under-serving training infrastructure. SMEs mostly draw their human resource (including the owners) from either the higher education institutions or the technical training infrastructure, both of which are not attuned to the SME needs nor are they equipped to direct them. This position determines the mental ability and capability of SMEs to innovate, The SME sector neither possesses the financial strength nor the collective wisdom to climb its way out of this low equilibriumà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ enterprise activity. In improver to these components, according to the Hand Book on Islamic SME Financing (2007), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“political instability, legal philosophy and order situation, fiscal restraints, energy crisis, taxation problems, project matters, lack of coordination and regular data exchange mechanism a mong institutions are contributing adversely to all the efforts done for the SMEà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s developmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Shabbir Kashif president of the Rawalpindi Chamber of Commerce Industry, (2009, Nov) pointed out the access of the new entrants in the business and as a big campaign of their failure, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“People come to us say we accept such amount of money and we are dying to endow in that occupation. But the period is that prior to Investment they donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t think about the future of that Business in next few years, what would be the market demand in future? Rather, they copy the current styles and current needs of the marketplace, which lead them to the failureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . In these types of problems and uncertain situations, the entrepreneurs can do allot for the growth and success of the SMEà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s. According to Thompson, L (2004) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“In todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s universe of change and uncertainty, we need the tale nt of entrepreneurs more than ever, we need them to take up new jobs, we ask them to champion the change agenda in establishing a corporation and the public sectorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Simpsin , M., Tuck, N. Bellany, S (2004), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Entrepreneurs or owners-managers are individuals and possess their own unique featuresà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . The previous studies conducted on the Owner characteristics support that Owner characteristics are the important constituent for the success of a firm like Lumpkin Dess (1996), Ferreira Azevedo. (2007), Smith J.R, Okhomina Mosley (2006). Research Aims Objectives The aim of the research is to investigate empirically the influence of owner characteristics on the SME performance in Pakistan. Owner Characteristics that will be examined are related to personal hobbies that are viewed the most important characteristics Naldi, Lucia.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Nordqvist, Mattias., Sjoberg, Karin., Wiklund, Johan, (2007), like Innovativeness, Risk Tak ing, Proactive ness. Meaning of the subject This work will contribute to the Knowledge base regarding the Owner Characteristics that contribute to the firms performance, According to Bhutta, M., Rana, A. Asad, U (2008) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“A major defeat for most policy researchers in the SME area is the virtual non-existence of scientific information on this sector in the rural area (i.e. Pakistan)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Secondly, it will help entrepreneurs to realize their own military capabilities and potential, and key out those characteristics that contribute more to the achiever of a firm. Thirdly, to the policy shapers in this sector to key out and refine the existing entrepreneurs and the people who designate to build new lines. Problem Statement The impact of entrepreneurà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s characteristics on the firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s performance: An empirical study conducted along the surgical equipment manufacturing units in vicinity of Sialkot, Pakistan. Rese arch Question What is the impact of entrepreneurial characteristics like innovativeness, proactive-ness, risk taking, on the firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s performance? Literature review As quoted by the Bhutan et al (2008), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Entrepreneurship is the human activity of being an entrepreneur which is a French word meaning one who takes on an enterprise. Entrepreneurs set up resources, including innovations, finance and business acumen in an attempt to translate innovations into economic goods. This may result in new organizations or may be part of revitalizing mature organizations in response to a perceived opportunity. The most obvious sort of entrepreneurship is that of beginning new businesses; even so, in recent years, the term has been expanded to include social and political patterns of entrepreneurial activity. When entrepreneurship is describing the actions inside a firm or large organization, it is referred to as intra-preneurship and may include corporate ven turing, when large entities start spin-off organizationsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Whereas according to Lumpkin, G. T. Dess, G. G. (1996) the term Entrepreneurial orientation means à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the organizational process, methods and styles that firms use to act entrepreneuriallyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Entrepreneurà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Characteristics and Firms Performance Entrepreneurial characteristic is an independent variable in our study. Levelling out the importance of the ownerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ characteristics regarding the firms success and safe execution. Ferreira Azevedo (2007, p. 15) commented that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the firms which grow more, are those which are entrepreneurial oriented that detect opportunities and get an advantage when looking for those chances. Nevertheless, not all firms search for opportunities, a possible explanation could the entrepreneurà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s attitude, this is, the desire to grow or notà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . In the previous literature the own ership characteristics have been set differently by the researchers. According to Lumpkin Dess (1996) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Efforts have helped to sharpen out the several dimensions of the entrepreneurial process; they have not gone to any widely held consensus regarding how to characterize entrepreneurship. This lack of consensus has impeded progress for researchers towards building and examining a wider theory of entrepreneurship and has made it especially, difficult for them to look into the relationship of entrepreneurship to performà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . As shown by the previous literature, the researchers have identified different ownership characteristics that determine the success and operation of an establishment. These characteristics are autonomous, innovativeness, risk taking, proactiveness, (Ferreira Azevedo, 2007 Keh, H.., Nguyen, T. Ng, H 2007), competitiveness, aggressiveness, (Hughes et al. 2007 Lumpkin Dess, 1996). Smith, Okhomina Mosly (2006) took psychological tr aits, e.g. need for achievement, internal locus of control, tolerance for ambiguity and risk taking propensity, and social components such as training, a supportive environment the researchers i.e. Smith, J. R. Mosley, Alisa L (2006) also indicated that personality traits viewed alone are inappropriate to explain the phenomenon of entrepreneurship. According to Bhutan et al (2008) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ There is a dearth of knowledge in Pakistan of this sector (S.M.E)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  further more he studied the owner characteristics/ orientation like education, media-related habits, use of information technology, number of investor and generation in the business (and found a positive relation) with the health of the firm. In a study of Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Regan, Sims Ghobadian (2005) demonstrated the relationship between ownership, decision making and employee deployment and the operation of the house. Their findings showed that the ownership profile is a key constituent in the succ ess of any SME. As cited by Ferreira Azevedo (2007) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Covin Slevin (1991) supported Miller point of view by referring that organizations and not only individuals, can have entrepreneurial. They also use defend, use of risk taking innovativeness and proactiveness, as the relevant dimensions of the entrepreneurship. Nevertheless refer to this as a type of behavior labeled as entrepreneur posture. Also cited, Miller (1983), the concept of Entrepreneur orientation was seen as a combination of three dimensions. Innovativeness: is concerned with suffering and promoting new ideas, experimentation and creativity likely to result in new products, services or processes (Miller and Friesen, 1982 and Yusuf, A. 2002). Risk Taking: Measuring the extent to which individuals differ in their willingness to take risk is contentious (Lumpkin and Dess, 1996). Proactive ness: is concerned with first mover and other actions aimed at seeking to secure and protect market share and with the forward looking perspective reflected in action taken anticipation of future demand (Lumpkin and Dess, 1996, Ferreira et al, 2007). In this paper the focus of the work is on the owners characteristics like innovativeness, risk taking behavior and proactiveness (Naldi, et al. , 2007), an important role as firms which grow better, have the propensity to develop an EO supported by proactiveness, innovativeness and risk contracting.(Ferreira and Azevedo, 2007, p. 15) (Yusuf A., 2002). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Impact Of Entrepreneurial Features In Pakistan" essay for you Create order

Michael Faraday, Inventor of the Electric Motor

Michael Faraday (born Sept. 22, 1791) was a British physicist and chemist who is best known for his discoveries of electromagnetic induction and of the laws of electrolysis. His biggest breakthrough in electricity was his invention of the electric motor. Early Life Born in 1791 to a poor family in the Newington, Surrey village of South  London, Faraday had a difficult childhood riddled with poverty. Faradays mother stayed at home to take care of Michael and his three siblings, and his father was a blacksmith who was often too ill to work steadily, which meant that the children frequently went without food. Despite this, Faraday grew up a curious child, questioning everything and always feeling an urgent need to know more. He learned to read at Sunday school for the Christian sect the family belonged to called the Sandemanians, which greatly influenced the way he approached and interpreted nature. At the age of 13, he became an errand boy for a bookbinding shop in London, where he would read every book that he bound and decided that one day he would write his own. At this bookbinding shop, Faraday became interested in the concept of energy, specifically force, through an article he read in the third edition of Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica. Because of his early reading and experiments with the idea of force, he was able to make important discoveries in electricity later in life and eventually became a chemist and physicist. However, it wasnt until Faraday attended chemical lectures by Sir Humphry Davy at the Royal Institution of Great Britain in London that he was able to finally pursue his studies in chemistry and science. After attending the lectures, Faraday bound the notes he had taken and sent them to Davy to apply for an apprenticeship under him, and a few months later, he began as Davys lab assistant. Apprenticeships and Early Studies in Electricity Davy was one of the leading chemists of the day when Faraday joined him in 1812, having discovered sodium and potassium and studying the decomposition of muriatic (hydrochloric) acid that yielded the discovery of chlorine. Following the atomic theory of Ruggero Giuseppe Boscovich, Davy and Faraday began to interpret the molecular structure of such chemicals, which would greatly influence Faradays ideas about electricity. When Faradays second apprenticeship under Davy ended in late 1820, Faraday knew  about as much chemistry as anyone else at the time, and he used this newfound knowledge to continue experiments in the fields of electricity and chemistry. In 1821, he married Sarah Barnard and took up permanent residence at the Royal Institution, where he would conduct research on electricity and magnetism. Faraday built two devices to produce what he called electromagnetic rotation, a continuous circular motion from the circular magnetic force around a wire. Unlike his contemporaries at the time, Faraday interpreted electricity as more of a vibration than the flow of water through pipes and began to experiment based off of this concept. One of his first experiments after discovering electromagnetic rotation was attempting to pass a ray of polarized light through an electrochemically decomposing solution to detect the intermolecular strains the current would produce. However, throughout the 1820s, repeated experiments yielded no results. It would be another 10 years before Faraday made a huge breakthrough in chemistry. Discovering Electromagnetic Induction In the next decade, Faraday  began his great series of experiments in which he discovered electromagnetic induction. These experiments would form the basis of the modern electromagnetic technology thats still used today. In 1831, using his induction ring—the first electronic transformer—Faraday made one of his greatest discoveries: electromagnetic induction, the induction or generation of electricity in a wire by means of the electromagnetic effect of a current in another wire. In the second series of experiments in September 1831 he discovered magneto-electric induction: the production of a steady electric current. To do this, Faraday attached two wires through a sliding contact to a copper disc. By rotating the disc between the poles of a horseshoe magnet, he obtained a continuous direct current, creating the first generator. From his experiments came devices that led to the modern electric motor, generator, and transformer. Continued Experiments, Death, and Legacy Faraday continued his  electrical  experiments throughout much of his later life. In 1832, he proved that the electricity induced from a magnet, voltaic electricity produced by a battery, and static electricity were all the same. He also did significant work in electrochemistry, stating the First and Second Laws of Electrolysis, which laid the foundation for that field and another modern industry. Faraday passed away in his home in Hampton Court on August 25, 1867, at the age of 75. He was buried  at Highgate Cemetery in North London.  A memorial plaque was set up in his honor at Westminster Abbey Church, near Isaac Newtons burial spot.   Faradays influence extended to a great many leading scientists. Albert Einstein was known to have had a portrait of Faraday on his wall in his study, where it hung  alongside pictures of legendary physicists Sir Isaac Newton  and  James Clerk Maxwell. Among those who praised his achievements were Earnest Rutherford, the father of nuclear physics. Of Faraday he once stated, When we consider the magnitude and extent of his discoveries and their influence on the progress of science and of industry, there is no honour too great to pay to the memory of Faraday, one of the greatest scientific discoverers of all time.

Harriet Jacobs’ Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl and...

The Cambridge Introduction to the 19th-Century American Novel, the traditional sentimental novel’s storyline focuses around a young woman finding her way through life, usually without the support of a conventional family. The women overcome life’s hardships, and â€Å"the key to these women’s triumphs lies in their achievement of self-mastery† (Cane 113). According to Gregg Cane, these didactic novels are targeted at young women to instill the idea that a domestic home, marriage, and family are what construct a morally good woman. The plot is used to extract an emotional reaction from the audience. Nina Baym describes all sentimental novels as having the same plot, In essence, [they are] the story of a young girl who is deprived of the†¦show more content†¦Wilson’s novel takes place in the supposedly free north, and she uses the sentimental novel outline to expose the truth about the free north, and like Brent, connect herself to her audience. Both women portray their stories using the sentimental novel so that they can reach out to a white, female audience, and at the same time subvert their audience’s reality in order to reveal how similar slaves and free women are, and fight for freedom. Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl was first published in 1861, around the same time the civil war began. Francis Smith Foster notes that Jacobs takes conventional antebellum literary methods, the adored sentimental novel, and uses them to familiarize herself with her audience, while at the same time modifies them â€Å"in order to accommodate her testimony as she tests her readers’ abilities to accept and act upon that test imony† (97). Foster also sums up how closely Jacob’s story follows the sentimental outline, Incidents reads like a story of pursuit and evasion, one full of heroes and villains, of bright young men claiming the freedom to seek their fortunes and of desperate maidens trying to preserve their virtue, of mothers trying to protect their children and of the hardworking poor trying to survive the greed and exploitation of the powerful and wealthy. (163) Jacobs positions herselfShow MoreRelated Three Women Writers: A Study in Virtue and Christianity of the 18th and 19th centuries2420 Words   |  10 Pagesculture. This website is devoted to three women who, like Morrison and Angelou, have aided in the formation and development of the African American literary tradition, but often remain unremembered in todays society. Phillis Wheatley, Harriet Jacobs, and Harriet Wilson have all made valuable contributions in the forms of poetry, narrative, and fiction to the early stages of a growing literary tradition. Although these women portrayed different viewpoints, utilized different writing styles, and wroteRead MoreFreedom, Without Qualification Is An Important Piece Of `` Americana ``1595 Words   |  7 PagesFreedom’s complicated nature becomes an important topic when comparing the free and enslaved black women in three antebellum narratives: Harriet Jacobs’s Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, Melton A. McLaurin’s Celia, a Slave, and Harriet E. Wilson’s Our Nig. Freedom is obviously preferable to enslavement—this fact is indisputable. Millions of male and female slaves risked their lives to escape slavery; no free person of color wanted to be enslaved. However, merely saying â€Å"freedom† without qualificationRead MoreThe Harlem Renaissance By Zora Neale Hurston925 Words   |  4 Pagesthey never lived in her hometown. Nevertheless, upon leaving Eatonville, the protagonist began losing her identity as â€Å"Zora,† instead, she was recognized as only being â€Å"a little colored girl† (1041). Hurston’s nickname â€Å"Zora† represents her individuality and significance; whereas, the name â€Å"a little colored girl† was created by a white society to belittle her race and gender (1041). Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God further demonstrates the author’s perspective of colored women. The mainRead More The Legacy of Perceptions of Interracial Relationships as Demonstrated in Late 19th and Early 20th Century Black Literature and Events2089 Words   |  9 Pagesunder the institution of slavery, our understanding of them is necessarily beset with dominance, violence, and rape. Interracial relationships and the children they produced became another manifestation of power relationships between whites and blacks in our contorted social atmosphere. Even to the present day, interracial relationships are often looked upon as being propelled by impure motives and compounded by the social dynamics that have been inherited in our culture. Literature Events

Essay about Modern Technology Are We Too Dependent

Modern Technology Are We Too Dependent? Internet and television, the twenty-first century has become consumed by these two relatively new forms of media. Devoting more time to one or both of these two creations than ever before, the American public is rapidly coming in from the outdoors and finding the technological marvels of the twenty-first century. Now more than ever television and internet are a major part of people’s lives. The American Society is straying away from their roots as a nature loving community and becoming a community dependent on technology. If comparing stories told by my father about his childhood to those of mine, just one generation apart, drastic differences would be seen. Stories told by my father were†¦show more content†¦Not only is this survey saying that children watch tremendous amounts a television per week, but it is also saying that as generations pass children are becoming more and more dependent on television for entertainment. After I conducted the first survey I became very interested that there might be more differences in the consumption of technology between the generations. So in a subsequent survey conducted using the same persons I obtained some very interesting data. For my first question I asked â€Å"What is the average number of hours spent per week watching T.V.?† I was surprised by the results: In the 40+ age group: 50% watched an average of 7-8 hours per week 50% watched an average of 9-10 hours per week In the 15-25 age group: 14% watched an average of 1-2 hours per week 14% watched an average of 5-6 hours per week 43% watched an average of 7-8 hours per week 29% watched an average of 10+ hours per week I noticed that the highest averages for both groups were at the 7-8 hour increment. It seems from this data that both age groups had settled on about the same amount of television watching per week. My next question moved into the area of the internet and computers. I asked, â€Å"What is the averageShow MoreRelatedPros And Cons Of Technology874 Words   |  4 PagesModern humanity can hardly imagine life without technology. Technologies have become an integral part of people’s lives. Every day, people invent new devices or improve the existing ones. Humanity differs by their attitudes to new inventions. Some people believe that sophisticated gadgets are actually useful and necessary, while others concentrate on the negative impact on people and their lives. Similar technologies are specially created for performing the hardest and most monotonous work. EvenRead MoreSociety s Dependence On Technology1244 Words   |  5 Pages11- Period 1 2 October 2015 Society’s Dependency On Technology Today, technology is a ruling factor among our society. Technology is involved in every aspect of our lives. Our dependence on technology has been taken to a whole other level, we are now incredibly dependent on technology. We may be too dependent on technology, but our dependence does not necessarily impact us in negative ways. II. Some say the increasing need for technology, specifically social media, causes social isolationRead MoreEssay on People Have Become Overly Dependent on Technology880 Words   |  4 PagesBilguun Tugs-Amgalan Everett LeGrande English 1 5/April/2011 People have become overly dependent on technology Humans have been called the animals which make things, and at no time in history has this been so obvious as the present. Today, every human activity is dependent upon various tools, machines, and systems, from growing food to providing shelter to communication, healthcare, and entertainment. Some machines, like the tractor, speed up and make more efficient activities that humans haveRead MoreWhat We Should Consider: Should Technology Be Used in the Classrooms?771 Words   |  4 PagesWelcome to the Digital Age, where we choose not to benefit from the endless access to information within the reach of our fingertips provided by the technology we ourselves have worked hard to institute, and instead choose to obliterate our brains by redefining procrastination, losing our ability to think, and watching cat videos on YoutTube. It is foreseeable that the magnificent monster, technology, will consume society, (if it hasn’t done so already) which may have intense negative impacts o nRead MoreModern Technology965 Words   |  4 Pageslife or death. So it is with modern technology. The purpose of technology should be reserved for the advancement of civilization. Technology should help us accomplish life s tasks faster; with less error and greater accuracy. In most cases it serves its purpose. For instance, when researching a cure for a disease like cancer the internet is a great tool. However, this same tool makes pornographic material more available than ever. At the end of the day, the technology will help you do what you wantRead MoreComputer Dependency and Addiction Essays646 Words   |  3 Pages and are very useful in everyday life, but they create distractions, which just makes us stay closer to computer rather than from the computer. In our modern day world, computers have absolute importance all around us, at work, at schools, at malls etc. It is impossible to run away from the devices and we’ve become so attached on it that we can’t do things on our own now. For example, say you were doing some homework and you couldn’t figure out the answer, instead of trying to understand theRead MoreMobile Phone and People1469 Words   |  6 PagesTERM PAPER The production and sale of cigarettes should be made illegal. People have become overly dependent on technology. University students should pass the English proficiency test before graduation Argumentative Essay : People have become overly dependent on technology. Topic: People have become overly dependent on technology 1. Introduction (paragraph 1) A.Hook: Computer, hand phones, Internet, and latest gadgets such as GPStacking devices are not anymore unusual thing in our  dailyRead MoreAre we too Dependent on Computers?1091 Words   |  4 PagesToday we live in a modern age where technological development is one of the greatest gifts to humanity. Technology is the making, modification, usage, and knowledge of tools, machines, techniques, crafts, systems and methods of organization, in order to solve a problem, improve a pre-existing solution to a problem, achieve a goal, handle an applied input/output relation or perform a specific function (Wikipedia). It also refer to the collection of such tools, including machinery, modifications, arrangementsRead MoreThe Importance Of Technology1333 Words   |  6 PagesTechnology has changed our way of life in a wide variety of ways. Everywhere we go, there is a touch of technology: starting from brushing of teeth in the morning to going to sleep at night. Technology has played a ve ry significant role in modernizing and comforting our life by influencing our methods of thinking and communicating, our purpose of living, and by allowing us to go about the different processes of our day-to-day life in a more efficient manner. As the advancement of technology continuesRead MorePeoples Overdependence on Technology1467 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Introduction The relevance of technology in the modern world cannot be overstated. However, there have been concerns that the world is becoming over-dependent on technology as it seeks to embrace technological advancement and innovation going forward. Indeed, the question many keep asking is; is our reliance on technology going too far? This text concerns itself with peoples over-dependence upon technology. Peoples Over-dependence upon Technology It is important to note from the onset that

Death and Dying in Hinduism and Buddhism Free Essays

Death and Dying- Customs and Rituals Hinduism and Buddhism Religious and cultural beliefs play a significant role in the processes of death and dying. These beliefs have created rituals that provide a conceptual framework for understanding the experience of death. Cultures across the world have different, unique rituals surrounding death and dying. We will write a custom essay sample on Death and Dying in Hinduism and Buddhism or any similar topic only for you Order Now This can be proven by comparing Hinduism and Buddhism. Their pre-death rituals, burial rites and concepts of afterlife are very different. Hindus and Buddhists have diverse pre-death rituals. When death is imminent, Hindus are brought home to die. They are placed in either their room or the entryway of their house with their head facing east. A lamp is lit near their head, and the person is encouraged to focus on their mantra. The Hinduism religion states that a mantra is a word repeated during mediation. Family members sing hymns, pray and read scripture for the dying person. When Buddhists are dying, it is up to their family to keep them positive. Loved ones must free themselves of disturbing emotion. It is their responsibility to help the dying person accept death as a natural and inevitable part of life. Hindus rituals are scripted, religious and self-dependant while Buddhist’s rituals are low-maintenance and mostly dependant on family members. In conclusion, Hinduism and Buddhism are very different in regards to pre-death rituals. Hinduism beliefs about the afterlife vary significantly from Buddhism beliefs. Hindus believe that humans go through a never-ending cycle of birth and death. Hindus believe in karma. Karma is â€Å"action, seen as bringing upon oneself inevitable results, good or bad, either in this life or in a reincarnation: in Hinduism one of the means of reaching Brahman† (Collins English Dictionary, Web). Buddhists believe that every soul is reborn until it has been cleansed. In Buddhism, the goal is to achieve Nirvana. Nirvana is â€Å"freedom from the endless cycle of personal reincarnations, with their consequent suffering, as a result of the extinction of individual passion, hatred, and delusion. † (Collins English Dictionary, Web). Superficially, these two rituals seem similar, but differences can be found on a deeper level. Hinduism is a never-ending cycle, while Buddhism can be escaped. The biggest difference between Hinduism and Buddhism is their burial rites. Hindu families prepare heir deceased with oil and herbs. The body is carried on a wooden frame to a publically designated cremation site where mourners chant mantras. After the body has been cremated, bits of bone and ash that remain are collected and strewn into the Holy River. Ten days after the cremation, family members offer ten pindas to the river to feed the spirit of the deceased on its travels to the next incarnation. Buddhists hold simple, solemn funerals. They believe it is unnecessary to spend a lot of money on traditional ceremonies. During the viewing, an altar is set up in front of the casket. Mourners can place offerings such as fruit, flowers and candles on the altar. Images of the Buddha and deceased person are placed in front of the altar. These religions are different because Hindus burials are elaborate and expensive, while Buddhists burials are simple, practical and inexpensive. Burial rites reveal how different Hinduism and Buddhism are. Hinduism and Buddhism have very different pre-death rituals, concepts of afterlife and burial rites. This proves that all religions have a unique set of traditions surrounding death and dying. These traditions help shape religion and create a diverse society. Bibliography Hitchcock, Susan Tyler. Geography of Religion: Where God Lives, Where Pilgrims Walk. Washington DC: National Geographic Society, 2004. Print. Berhad, Koperasi Buddhisme Malaysia. A Guide to a Proper Buddhist Funeral. Sea Park: Buddha Dharma Education Association Inc, 2000. Print. Collins English Dictionary. â€Å"Karma. † Dictionary Reference. 2009. HarperCo Publishers. March 6, 2013 http://dictionary. reference. com/browse/karma Collins English Dictionary. â€Å"Nirvana. † Dictionary Reference. 2009. HarperCo Publishers. March 6, 2013 http://dictionary. reference. com/browse/nirvana How to cite Death and Dying in Hinduism and Buddhism, Papers

Teks Guiding free essay sample

Currently, the city of Bandung is one of the main destinations of tourism and education. In 1990 the city of Bandung to be one of the safest city in the world by survey of Time magazine. A little about History of Bandung Legend told by older people in Bandung say that the name Bandung is taken from a vessel consisting of two boats tied alongside called bandung boats used by the Regent of Bandung, RA Wiranatakusumah II, to navigate Citarum in seeking the seat of the new district to replace the old capital Dayeuhkolot. Geographical Location of Bandung which makes it a great city in the mountains a comfortable, air cool, complete with beautiful scenery because the plateau and the mountains around it. In the mountainous areas around Bandung lay a green carpet of tea plantations which cover almost every foot of the mountain. The beauty of the city, the climate, beauty and hospitality Bandung People, as well as high creativity population, Bandung has its own image and tradition. We will write a custom essay sample on Teks Guiding or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Because it is not wrong if Clean, Green, Flower arrangement became a slogan in a city once dubbed the Dutch colonial is Mooi Bandung (Bandung Indah) Before that, Bandung has bought 5 city function, namely as a city government, commerce, industry, culture, tourism. As it grows, Bandung is now developing itself into city services. Currently, there are 140 five-star hotels and many more Bandung has many types of unique and exciting tour offered, ranging from culinair and shopping tour of the most exciting domestic and foreign tourists, to nature tourism, cultural tourism, historical tourism, travel and even a flea. And It only needs enough money. North Bandung. North Bandung area, with central activities in the crater of Mount Tangkuban perahu, Forest Park Juanda (Dago expert ), Maribaya Lembang, Curug Panganten Cisarua and Flower Garden of Cihideung Parongpong. South Bandung. South Bandung is better known as a center for agro-tourism activities (agriculture and tea plantations in Rancabali, Ciwidey, Malabar, Pangalengan and Gununghalu), Water Tourism (Situ Situ Patenggang and Cileunca) and Wana Travel (Kamojang crater, the crater White and hot water of Cimanggu).

Doomed Youth Essay Example For Students

Doomed Youth Essay Anthem for doomed youth is a poem by Wilfred Owen in which there is a sinister atmosphere evoked by the poets use of imagery, rhythm, alliteration, symbolism and structure. This sinister atmosphere add to my appreciation of the poem by the effectiveness of these techniques at bringing me closer to the emotions and allowing me to consider the impact of such event on real people. The poem has an ironic title, an anthem being a celebratory song whilst doomed has negative connotations of death and sadness. It is set in the trenches of World War One and compares the realities of death on the battlefield with the traditional, religious funeral service. The poem is split into two parts, first part, an eight line octet evokes the noises of battle, whilst the second part, a six line sestet, deal with the settled grief left behind after a death. Throughout Owen skilfully evokes a sinister atmosphere by using various literary techniques to suggest the cold, ominous and sinister atmosphere of a funeral. In the first line of this sonnet Owen refers to the dead soldiers as those who die as cattle, this simile introduces the idea of death and compares the deaths to those of cattle to suggest for the first time his theme that death in such circumstance is not glorious, but futile. He then further develops the sinister atmosphere by introducing the thought of a funeral, by using the word bells in the first line, this is then developed by mentioning orisons, which are prayers at a funeral, in the forth line. With the thought of a funeral firmly now in the mind of the reader, Owen goes on to compare the noises of war to the songs and prayers of the funeral service. He emphasis the cruel noise of gunfire by using the alliteration rifles rapid rattle, and further compares the sounds of battle to a service by using the metaphor The shrill, demented choirs of wailing shells. The impression of these sounds of war, add to the ominous and sinister atmosphere by the clever use of alliteration to bring the sounds to life and transport the reader to the battlefield and get a sense of the horror, fear and death that lies there. The metaphor of the choir again reminds the reader of death and the atmosphere at a funeral. Owen then link this initial octet to the sestet by the symbol of a bugle, which is played both on the battlefield and at a military funeral. The focus is shifted front the battlefield to the sad shires, symbolising the homes of the soldiers where their loved ones wait. The rhythm of the poem continues reminding the reader of a slow military march carrying a coffin, with its regular beat. We are then brought to a church scene by the words candles and in the hands of boys which suggest a choir of young boys, and holy which has connations of a church. The sinister atmosphere is further developed by the pallor of girls brows which bring to thought of sweethearts pale faces at the funeral, and Owen states that their pale face will act as the funeral pall. These thoughts of a funeral and of the sad mourning of love ones focus the readers mind on the sad reality of the death of the soldiers and on the lasting effects on those left behind. This sinister atmosphere allows the reader to imaging the horrors and sounds of the battlefield, and the reality of death brought home by the analogy of a funeral. This combined with the sympathy for those left behind evoked by the second half of the poem put me in a much better position to contemplate Owens theme of the futility of the deaths of the first world war, which many believe was unnecessary. .u29b9280788093ed92ed421f935be6031 , .u29b9280788093ed92ed421f935be6031 .postImageUrl , .u29b9280788093ed92ed421f935be6031 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u29b9280788093ed92ed421f935be6031 , .u29b9280788093ed92ed421f935be6031:hover , .u29b9280788093ed92ed421f935be6031:visited , .u29b9280788093ed92ed421f935be6031:active { border:0!important; } .u29b9280788093ed92ed421f935be6031 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u29b9280788093ed92ed421f935be6031 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u29b9280788093ed92ed421f935be6031:active , .u29b9280788093ed92ed421f935be6031:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u29b9280788093ed92ed421f935be6031 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u29b9280788093ed92ed421f935be6031 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u29b9280788093ed92ed421f935be6031 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u29b9280788093ed92ed421f935be6031 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u29b9280788093ed92ed421f935be6031:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u29b9280788093ed92ed421f935be6031 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u29b9280788093ed92ed421f935be6031 .u29b9280788093ed92ed421f935be6031-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u29b9280788093ed92ed421f935be6031:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Love and Divine Love EssayIn summary I found this poem very effective in conveying Wilfred Owens message of the futility of war. The skilful use of imagery and rhythm at creating the impression of a funeral added a sinister atmosphere, which was enhanced by the use of alliteration and symbolism to evoke the noises and sights of a battle. This sinister atmosphere aroused my emotions and allowed me to identify with those who needlessly suffered, and those left to mourn. This resulted in the poem having a strong impact on my and my grasp of Owens themes.